Is the value of the $INSTALLER_TEMP_DIR$ always in the user profile folder? Is there a way to change this value at runtime, such as passing an argument in the command line?
$INSTALLER_TEMP_DIR$ The path to a temp directory for use by an installer. This will be deleted when its use is completed, assuming no items are in use. This variable is read-only.
Therefore you cannot change the value of this variable.
If you're interested on Windows only I think that the answer is yes, I mean on all the Windows build systems I've got these two user variables for the account that does the build:TEMP & TMP they both have the value %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Temp
